Don't Rely on Facial Expression (2008)
Determining pain levels in children is clinically difficult. Observing or coding facial expressions and asking older children to rate their pain on a facial pain scale are commonly used nursing assessment methods. This article examines the background and limitations of using facial expression as a means to rate the level of pain a child is experiencing. The author reviews clinical and research tools in current use. . . .
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Ouchless Needles
Inadequate pain control has significant negative, and even long-term implications for children, such as regard for future painful events and acceptance of health care interventions. Simple insertion of a needle is among the most frightening and distressing medical procedures for children. . . .
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Pain, Pain, Go Away
Studies in the past have compared the pain relief provided by different oral analgesics in children postoperatively. In this study three analgesics, acetaminophen, ibuprofen and codeine, were compared among children (ages 6-17 years) presenting to an emergency room. . . .
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